托福閱讀聽力寫作 demo 07 valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects

 托福閱讀聽力寫作 demo 0707

TP016.   

Reading

The United Kingdom (sometimes referred to as Britain) has a long and rich history of human settlement. Traces of buildings, tools, and art can be found from periods going back many thousands of years: from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the time of the Roman colonization, the Middle Ages, up to the beginnings of the industrial age. Yet for most of the twentieth century, the science of archaeology, dedicated to uncovering and studying old cultural artifacts, was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain. First, many valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects. The growth of Britain's population, especially from the 1950s on, spurred a lot of new construction in British cities, towns, and villages. While digging foundations for new buildings, the builders often uncovered archaeologically valuable sites. Usually, however, they proceeded with the construction and did not preserve the artifacts. Many archaeologically precious artifacts were therefore destroyed. Second, many archaeologists felt that the financial support for archaeological research was inadequate. For most of the twentieth century, archaeology was funded mostly through government funds and grants, which allowed archaeologists to investigate a handful of the most important sites but which left hundreds of other interesting projects without support. Furthermore, changing government priorities brought about periodic reductions in funding. Third, it was difficult to have a career in archaeology. Archaeology jobs were to be found at universities or with a few government agencies, but there were never many positions available. Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs. 

Listening   

In 1990, new rules and guidelines were adopted in United Kingdom and that had changed the whole feel of Archaeology in that country. The new guidelines improved the situation in all 3 areas discussed in the passage. First, the new guidelines state that before any construction project can start, the construction site has to be examined by archaeologists to see whether the site is of archaeological interest or value. If die site is of archaeological interest, the next step is for die builders, archaeologists and local government officials to get together and make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts, either by building around them or by excavating a document in them properly before the construction is allowed to proceed. Second, an important part of new guidelines is the rule die any archaeological work done on the construction site will be paid for by die construction company not by the government. The construction company has to pay for the initial examination of the site, and then for all the work carried out under the preservation plan. This is whole new source of financial support. The funding from the construction company has allowed researchers to study a far great range of archaeological sites than they could in past. Last, the new guidelines provide a lot of paid work for archaeologists, work diat didn't exist before. Expert archaeologists are now hired all stage of the process to examine the site for archaeological value, then have to drop the preservation plan to do die researcher and professional scientific manner and finally to process the data and write reports and articles. The increased job career opportunities in Archaeology have increased the number professional archaeologists in Britain which is now the highest it’s ever been.

Summary Writing:

The professor mend the author’s concerns/worries by new rules and regulations, including the necessary pre-construction  archaeological ,the financial support from the constructor , and show  how they  work. Following are the details:

First, to avoid unnecessary destruction of the possible  archaeological artifacts on the construction sites, the .constructor require the archaeologists do the pre-construction check. If they  confirm the site is valuable for archaeological purpose, the triple-the government ,the builder, and the archaeologist -has to resolve the plan how to  ex cave the artifacts and make their records first, and then the construction work continue.

Second, accordingly, the new guideline prescribe the expense for unearthing the artifacts and doing the indispensable archaeological research before the construction expense is charged on the initial project constructors. This way, abundant fund is expected, and there is no need to worry about short fund.

Last but cannot be ignored, with new guideline at work, in order to do a sound archaeological work, more new positions  and experts are required than ever. As a result, a historically-high number of job career opportunities is substantiated in Britain.